Active sentence (active voice) is a sentence where the subject of his work, by contrast, the passive sentence (passive voice) is the subject of his sentence where the subject of work by the object of the sentence. Active voice is more frequently used in daily life compared with the passive voice. However, often we find the passive voice in the newspapers, articles in magazines and scholarly writings. Passive voice is used because the object of the active voice is more important information than his subject.
Example:
An Active *: We fertilize the soil Every six months
* Passive: The soil is fertilized by us Every six months
From this example we can see that:
1. Object of the active voice (the soil) becomes the subject of the passive voice
2. Subject of the active voice (We) of the passive voice to object. Notice also that there is a change of subject pronoun 'We' became the object pronoun 'us'.
3. Verb1 (fertilize) the active voice becomes verb3 (fertilized) on the passive voice.
4. He added some 'is' in front verb3. Be used is dependent on the subject passive voice and tenses used. (Note the passive voice patterns below).
5. Adding the word 'by' behind verb3. However, if the object of the passive voice is considered not important or unknown, then the object is usually not mentioned and so was the word 'by'.
6. Especially for progressive sentences (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, and past perfect continuous future, need to add the 'beings' in front verb3). If not added "being", tensisnya will change, not a progressive / continuous again. Consider the examples in point h - o below.
Based on the six points above the passive voice followed the pattern as follows:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + object + modifier
The pattern of active and passive voice in each tensis
1. If the active voice in simple present tense, the 'be' it is the passive voice is, am or acres.
Example:
* Active: He meets Them everyday.
* Passive: They are met by him "everyday.
* Active: She waters Every two days this plant.
* Passive: This plant is watered by her Every two days.
2. If active in the simple past tense voice, the 'be' passive voice it is was or Were
Example:
* Active: He met yesterday Them
* Passive: They Were met by him "yesterday
* Active: She watered this plant this morning
* Passive: This plant was watered by her this morning
3. If the active voice in the present perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary has or have, to become a 'has been' or 'have been'
Example:
* Active: He has met Them
* Passive: They have been met by him "
* Active: She has watered this plant for five minutes.
* Passive: This plant has been watered by her for five minutes.
4. If the active voice in the past perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary had, so be Had been
Example:
* Active: He Had Them met before I came.
* Passive: They Had been met by him "before I came.
* Active: She Had watered this plant for five minutes Pls help I got here
* Passive: This Had the plant been watered by her for five minutes Pls help I got here
5. When active voice in the future tense for simple, then 'some' of his passive voice is to be
Example:
* Active: He Will Meet Them Tomorrow.
* Passive: They Will Be met by him "Tomorrow.
* Active: She will from this water plant this afternoon.
* Passive: This plant will from some watered by her this afternoon.
* Active: The Farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
* Passive: The crops are going to be Harvested by the Farmers next week.
6. If the active voice in the future perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary will from have, so to 'will of have been'
Example:
* Active: He will of Them have met before I get there Tomorrow.
* Passive: They will of have been met by him "before I get there Tomorrow.
* Active: She will of have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
* Passive: This will of plants have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
7. If the active voice in the past future perfect tense, the 'be' passive voice it is been placed after the auxiliary would have, thereby becoming 'would have been'.
Example:
* Active: He would have met Them.
* Passive: They would have been met by him ".
* Active: She would have watered this plant.
* Passive: This plant would have been watered by her.
8. If the active voice in the present continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is (is, am or acres) + beings.
Example:
* Active: He is meeting now Them.
* Passive: They are now being met by him ".
* Active: She is now watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant is being watered by her now.
9. If the active voice in the past continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is (was or Were) + beings.
Example:
* Active: He was meeting Them.
* Passive: They Were being met by him ".
* Active: She was watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant was being watered by her.
10. If the active voice in perfect continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is (has / have) been + being.
Example:
* Active: He has been meeting Them.
* Passive: They have been being met by him ".
* Active: She has been watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant has been being watered by her.
11. If the active voice in the past perfect continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is Had been + being.
Example:
* Active: He Had been meeting Them.
* Passive: They Had been being met by him ".
* Active: She Had this been watering the plant.
Passive *: This plant being watered Had been by her.
12. If the active voice in future continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice it is the will of be + being.
Example:
An Active *: He Will Be Them meetings.
* Passive: They will of some being met by him ".
* Active: She Will Be watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant will of some being watered by her.
m. If the active voice in the past future continuous tense, the 'be' it is the passive voice would be + beings.
Example:
* Active: He would be meeting Them.
* Passive: They would be being met by him ".
* Active: She would be this plant watering.
* Passive: This plant would be watered by being neck.
13. If the active voice in the future perfect continuous tense, the 'be' passive voice is a will of his have been + being.
Example:
* Active: He will of Them have been meeting.
* Passive: They have been a will from being met by him ".
* Active: She will from have been watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant will of beings have been watered by her.
14. If the active voice in the past future perfect continuous tense, the 'be' it is the passive voice would have been + being.
Example:
* Active: He would be meeting Them.
* Passive: They would be being met by him ".
* Active: She would be watering this plant.
* Passive: This plant would be being watered by her.
Selasa, 22 Juni 2010
CONDITIONAL CENTENCE
In grammar, conditional sentences are sentences discussing the implications of factual or hypothetical situations and their consequences. Language use different conditional constructions and verb forms (such as the conditional mood) to form the kinds of sentences.
Full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequences or take you out.
If rainy] conditions [, (then) picnic will be canceled] consequences [.
Syntactic, this condition subordinate clause, and consequently is the main clause. However, the nature of the whole sentence is primarily determined by the nature of the protasis (condition) (tense and degrees factualness).
Conditional sentences in English
Conditional sentences in English can be divided into two broad classes factual / predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of a verb in the condition (protasis). The term "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly in accordance with linguistic modality called realists and irrealis.
Factual / predictive condition
In construction, the clause expressing the condition that the truth condition has not been verified. Verb in the clause condition in the past tense (with the interpretation of the past) or in the present tense (with the interpretation of present or future tense). Clause may result in the past, present, or future. Generally, a conditional sentence of this group are in two groups, the "zero conditional" and, conditions or indications of potential is often called "first conditional" or "conditional one." This class includes a universal statement (the second clause in the present, or two clauses in the past) and predictions.
The "zero" is formed with a second conditional clause in the present tense. Construction is similar across many languages. It is used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc.:
If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.
If you do not eat for a long time, you changed from hungry.
If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.
This is different from true since the introduction of the conditional "if" can be replaced with "when" or "when" (eg, "When you heat water ..."), that can not be done for true conditionals.
The conditional or indicative potential, often referred to as the "first" conditional "or" conditional one, used more generally to express a hypothetical condition that potentially true, but it has not been verified. Conditional clauses in the present tense or the past and refers to the situation or event in the past. The results can be in the past, present, or future. Some examples of past conditions of the clause:
That If She took flight yesterday, She arrived at 10pm.
That If She took flight yesterday, She is somewhere in town today.
That If She took flight yesterday, Tomorrow We'll see her.
A condition clause (protasis) in the present tense refers to events in the future, a current events that may be true or untrue, or an event which could be verified in the future. The results can be in the past, present, or future:
If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
If it's raining now, There Will Be mushrooms to pick next week.
If it Rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.
If it Rains this afternoon, your garden party is Doomed.
If it Rains this afternoon, everybody will of stay home.
If I Become President, I'll lower taxes.
Some of the auxiliaries (mainly be, maybe, maybe, and work) are usually not used in the condition clause (protasis) in English:
* If it will of rain this afternoon, ...
* If it May have rained yesterday, ...
There are exceptions, however, to be used exactly as in the first instance, namely when the action takes place if the clause after the main clause:
(The weather forecast says it's going to rain.) Well, if it will from rain, We must take Umbrellas.
If aspirins will of cure it, I'll [I Will] take a couple tonight instead of this horrible medicine. [1]
Other situations where it will be used in the if clause including when not used as auxiliary verbs, in other words when being used modally to express willingness, persistence, or willingness:
If you'll [you will from] just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this out to the kitchen table.
Hi will from the keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches.
Hi, The will of excuse me, I think I Will slip into something more comfortable. [2] [3]
In everyday English, this is important sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: eg "Go to the east one mile and you'll see" means "if you go to the east for a mile, you'll see it."
Hypothesis (counterfactual) condition
In construction, the condition clause stating that the conditions to be false, or presented as impossible. Result clause contains a conditional verb form would consist of (or could, should, probably) plus the main verb in base form (infinitive without to).
Now contrary-to-fact conditional, often referred to as "the" second conditional "or" conditional second, is used to refer to current conditions or events, known as false or impossible. The subjunctively past (or in the English language daily, enough of the past tense) should be used:
If She Were [colloq. was] at work today, She would know how to deal with this client.
If I Were [colloq. was] the king, I Could Have you thrown in the dungeon.
The same structure can be used to refer to a future situation or event:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
If he said that to me, I would run away.
In many cases, when referring to future events, the difference between a realist and very few conditional irrealis:
(Realist) If you leave now, you cans still catch your train.
(Irrealis) If you left now, Could you still catch your train.
Contrary-to-fact past conditional (sometimes referred to as the "third" conditional, conditional 3) is used to refer to facts to the contrary-to-past events. The pluperfect (or past perfect) is used in the condition clause.
Hi, Had Called me, I would have come.
Hi, Had done your job properly, We Would not be in this mess now.
Some varieties regularly use the English language will (often abbreviated as (I) 'd) and will (often abbreviated as (I)' d have) the counterfactual condition clause, but this is often considered non-standard: If you are going to leave now, You'll be on time. (2 conditional) / If you (will ve) 'told me, we can do something about it .. (3 conditional) use of such will be widespread, especially in the U.S. speak English in all sectors of society., But the forms are not usually used in more formal writing. However, some reliable source only label this as an acceptable use of the UK and U.S. labels are no longer as the day-to-day. [4] [5]
There are exceptions, however, where it will be used in British English as well in conditions that seem counterfactual, but this can usually be interpreted as the use of capital would be: If you want to listen to me once in a while, you might learn something. (2 conditional) [6] [7] In cases where the action takes place if the clause after the main clause, use will be in this condition is considered counterfactual is true in standard usage and even formal English and U.S. usage. : If you will make him happy, I [I] will give him money. [8]
Should the condition may appear in the clause to refer to future events are presented as possible, but unlikely, undesirable, or "remote": If I should die before I wake, ..., If you ever should find yourself in a situation like that, ...
Construction of conditional sentences in English
In English, there are three formulas coinditional sentence. They are:
The first formula shows the possible outcomes of an event that may occur: If + Simple Present / Present Progressive + Simple Present / Present Progressive / Simple Future / Future Progressive / Imperatives
The second formula shows the possible results of an event that rarely happens:
If + Present Perfect / Present Perfect Progressive / preterite / Past Continuous + Conditional Present / Present Progressive Conditional
(In English and Canadian English: If + + subjunctively Conditional Present Imperfect / Conditional Progressive Present)
The third formula shows the possible outcomes of an event that does not happen, and therefore a missed opportunity: If + Pluperfect / Pluperfect Progressive + Conditional Perfect / Perfect Conditional Progressive
It is possible to reverse the order of the clause, however, protasis always have to follow the word "If" (eg "If + I missed the bus, + I'll be late to school" can be customized with: "I'll be late for school if + I + missed the bus. )
semantics of conditional sentences
material conditional operator used in logic (ie \ scriptstyle p \ Rightarrow q) is sometimes read in the form of a conditional sentence (ie "if p, then q"), an intuitive interpretation of a conditional statement in natural language are not always consistent with this definition math operators. Modeling the meaning of the report requires the definition of the real condition of the indicative conditional, and contrary-to-fact statements require counterfactual conditional operator, formalized in the logic of capital.
Full conditional sentence contains two clauses: the condition or protasis, and the consequences or take you out.
If rainy] conditions [, (then) picnic will be canceled] consequences [.
Syntactic, this condition subordinate clause, and consequently is the main clause. However, the nature of the whole sentence is primarily determined by the nature of the protasis (condition) (tense and degrees factualness).
Conditional sentences in English
Conditional sentences in English can be divided into two broad classes factual / predictive and hypothetical (counterfactual), depending on the form of a verb in the condition (protasis). The term "factual" and "counterfactual" broadly in accordance with linguistic modality called realists and irrealis.
Factual / predictive condition
In construction, the clause expressing the condition that the truth condition has not been verified. Verb in the clause condition in the past tense (with the interpretation of the past) or in the present tense (with the interpretation of present or future tense). Clause may result in the past, present, or future. Generally, a conditional sentence of this group are in two groups, the "zero conditional" and, conditions or indications of potential is often called "first conditional" or "conditional one." This class includes a universal statement (the second clause in the present, or two clauses in the past) and predictions.
The "zero" is formed with a second conditional clause in the present tense. Construction is similar across many languages. It is used to express a certainty, a universal statement, a law of science, etc.:
If you heat water to 100 degrees celsius, it boils.
If you do not eat for a long time, you changed from hungry.
If the sea is stormy, the waves are high.
This is different from true since the introduction of the conditional "if" can be replaced with "when" or "when" (eg, "When you heat water ..."), that can not be done for true conditionals.
The conditional or indicative potential, often referred to as the "first" conditional "or" conditional one, used more generally to express a hypothetical condition that potentially true, but it has not been verified. Conditional clauses in the present tense or the past and refers to the situation or event in the past. The results can be in the past, present, or future. Some examples of past conditions of the clause:
That If She took flight yesterday, She arrived at 10pm.
That If She took flight yesterday, She is somewhere in town today.
That If She took flight yesterday, Tomorrow We'll see her.
A condition clause (protasis) in the present tense refers to events in the future, a current events that may be true or untrue, or an event which could be verified in the future. The results can be in the past, present, or future:
If it's raining here now, then it was raining on the West Coast this morning.
If it's raining now, then your laundry is getting wet.
If it's raining now, There Will Be mushrooms to pick next week.
If it Rains this afternoon, then yesterday's weather forecast was wrong.
If it Rains this afternoon, your garden party is Doomed.
If it Rains this afternoon, everybody will of stay home.
If I Become President, I'll lower taxes.
Some of the auxiliaries (mainly be, maybe, maybe, and work) are usually not used in the condition clause (protasis) in English:
* If it will of rain this afternoon, ...
* If it May have rained yesterday, ...
There are exceptions, however, to be used exactly as in the first instance, namely when the action takes place if the clause after the main clause:
(The weather forecast says it's going to rain.) Well, if it will from rain, We must take Umbrellas.
If aspirins will of cure it, I'll [I Will] take a couple tonight instead of this horrible medicine. [1]
Other situations where it will be used in the if clause including when not used as auxiliary verbs, in other words when being used modally to express willingness, persistence, or willingness:
If you'll [you will from] just hold the door open for me a moment, I can take this out to the kitchen table.
Hi will from the keep all the windows shut, of course you'll get headaches.
Hi, The will of excuse me, I think I Will slip into something more comfortable. [2] [3]
In everyday English, this is important sometimes used to form a conditional sentence: eg "Go to the east one mile and you'll see" means "if you go to the east for a mile, you'll see it."
Hypothesis (counterfactual) condition
In construction, the condition clause stating that the conditions to be false, or presented as impossible. Result clause contains a conditional verb form would consist of (or could, should, probably) plus the main verb in base form (infinitive without to).
Now contrary-to-fact conditional, often referred to as "the" second conditional "or" conditional second, is used to refer to current conditions or events, known as false or impossible. The subjunctively past (or in the English language daily, enough of the past tense) should be used:
If She Were [colloq. was] at work today, She would know how to deal with this client.
If I Were [colloq. was] the king, I Could Have you thrown in the dungeon.
The same structure can be used to refer to a future situation or event:
If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.
If he said that to me, I would run away.
In many cases, when referring to future events, the difference between a realist and very few conditional irrealis:
(Realist) If you leave now, you cans still catch your train.
(Irrealis) If you left now, Could you still catch your train.
Contrary-to-fact past conditional (sometimes referred to as the "third" conditional, conditional 3) is used to refer to facts to the contrary-to-past events. The pluperfect (or past perfect) is used in the condition clause.
Hi, Had Called me, I would have come.
Hi, Had done your job properly, We Would not be in this mess now.
Some varieties regularly use the English language will (often abbreviated as (I) 'd) and will (often abbreviated as (I)' d have) the counterfactual condition clause, but this is often considered non-standard: If you are going to leave now, You'll be on time. (2 conditional) / If you (will ve) 'told me, we can do something about it .. (3 conditional) use of such will be widespread, especially in the U.S. speak English in all sectors of society., But the forms are not usually used in more formal writing. However, some reliable source only label this as an acceptable use of the UK and U.S. labels are no longer as the day-to-day. [4] [5]
There are exceptions, however, where it will be used in British English as well in conditions that seem counterfactual, but this can usually be interpreted as the use of capital would be: If you want to listen to me once in a while, you might learn something. (2 conditional) [6] [7] In cases where the action takes place if the clause after the main clause, use will be in this condition is considered counterfactual is true in standard usage and even formal English and U.S. usage. : If you will make him happy, I [I] will give him money. [8]
Should the condition may appear in the clause to refer to future events are presented as possible, but unlikely, undesirable, or "remote": If I should die before I wake, ..., If you ever should find yourself in a situation like that, ...
Construction of conditional sentences in English
In English, there are three formulas coinditional sentence. They are:
The first formula shows the possible outcomes of an event that may occur: If + Simple Present / Present Progressive + Simple Present / Present Progressive / Simple Future / Future Progressive / Imperatives
The second formula shows the possible results of an event that rarely happens:
If + Present Perfect / Present Perfect Progressive / preterite / Past Continuous + Conditional Present / Present Progressive Conditional
(In English and Canadian English: If + + subjunctively Conditional Present Imperfect / Conditional Progressive Present)
The third formula shows the possible outcomes of an event that does not happen, and therefore a missed opportunity: If + Pluperfect / Pluperfect Progressive + Conditional Perfect / Perfect Conditional Progressive
It is possible to reverse the order of the clause, however, protasis always have to follow the word "If" (eg "If + I missed the bus, + I'll be late to school" can be customized with: "I'll be late for school if + I + missed the bus. )
semantics of conditional sentences
material conditional operator used in logic (ie \ scriptstyle p \ Rightarrow q) is sometimes read in the form of a conditional sentence (ie "if p, then q"), an intuitive interpretation of a conditional statement in natural language are not always consistent with this definition math operators. Modeling the meaning of the report requires the definition of the real condition of the indicative conditional, and contrary-to-fact statements require counterfactual conditional operator, formalized in the logic of capital.
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